Chapters
Forewords
View chapter 1
Executive Summary
View chapter 2
Findings: Stated commitment to gender equality
View chapter 3
Findings: Definition of gender
View chapter 4
Findings: Workplace gender equality policies
View chapter 5
Findings: Diversity and inclusion policies - Workplace and Board
View chapter 6
Findings: Anti-sexual harassment policies
View chapter 7
Findings: Family-friendly workplace policies
View chapter 8
Findings: Gender and geography of global health leadership
View chapter 9
Findings: Gender pay gap
View chapter 10
Findings: Gender-responsiveness of global health programmes
View chapter 11
Findings: Sex-disaggregated monitoring and evaluation data
View chapter 12
Analysis: Are organisations’ COVID-19 programmatic activities gender-responsive?
View chapter 13
What next: How to use this report to push for change within your organisation
View chapter 14
Methods
View chapter 15
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Findings: Family-friendly workplace policies

Chapter 8

Findings: Family-friendly workplace policies

Tamara Merino
Parental leave policies

Equitable paid parental leave policies are critical to fostering gender transformative norms of family responsibility, promoting women’s equality in career opportunities, compensating women for their reproductive labour, and closing the gender pay gap. Such entitlements further contribute to better recruitment results, higher employee morale and increased productivity, and benefit the health and wellbeing of families.

The extent to which leave policies deliver their potential benefits, including for career opportunities and progression, depends on the entitlements they provide. These include: the duration of leave; the wage replacement rate; whether leave, including shared leave, is made available to individual parents or is transferable; whether there is support available to new parents returning to work and at subsequent stages in the life of the child; the nature of leave when caring for dependents who are not children, and; support for flexible working arrangements for all staff. 

The International Labor Organization's Maternity Protection Convention states that all countries, regardless of income, should guarantee women a minimum of 14 weeks of paid maternity leave. The World Health Organization, however, recommends at least 6 months (26 weeks) of breastfeeding, which is challenging for working mothers without adequate paid leave policies or lactation support in the workplace. 

Despite calls for equality and universality, leave policies are frequently applied unequally or written in language that discriminates against or excludes some staff. For example, lengthy leave entitlements provided to women in the absence of similar entitlements for men can reinforce unequal parenting norms and harm women’s careers over the long-term. Disparate leave policies, when parental leave benefits for fathers are inferior to those for mothers, have on occasion been found in violation of equal employment opportunity laws. 

Lengthy leave entitlements provided to women in the absence of similar entitlements for men can reinforce unequal parenting norms and harm women’s careers over the long-term.

Leave entitlements may also vary by the means of becoming a parent (childbirth or adoption). Additionally, leave entitlements for parents who are in same-sex relationships may not be recognised in the language used in some policies and therefore excluded from entitlements. 

In response, we find that many national and workplace policies are moving away from gender-specific and unequal maternity and paternity leave, in favour of gender-neutral, equal and/or shared policies.

Some definitions

Definitions and statutory conditions of leave vary widely between countries in terms of length, entitlement and rates of remuneration. In this report we have, as far as possible, applied the following definitions to the analysis of organisational policies. 

Maternity leave Leave generally available to mothers, designed to protect the health of the new mother and child, taken before, during and immediately after childbirth or adoption.

Paternity leave Leave generally available to fathers, usually taken shortly after the birth/ adoption of the child. 

Primary and secondary carers Some countries use the terminology of ‘primary carer’ and ‘secondary carer’ (or ‘partner’) in place of ‘mother’ and ‘father’. The primary carer is the person performing the majority of care for a newborn or newly adopted child. This can be a parent of any gender or someone who is not a biological or adoptive parent of the child (including a same-sex partner, co-parent or relative of either parent). The secondary carer is a carer of the child or a spouse or partner of the primary carer.

Parental leave Leave available equally to mothers and fathers, either as: (i) a non-transferable individual right (i.e. both parents have an entitlement to an equal amount of leave); or (ii) an individual right that can be transferred to the other parent; or (iii) a family right that parents can divide between themselves as they choose (shared parental leave). May be available to both partners in same-sex relationships in some countries.

Flexible working A way of working that suits an employee’s needs. Different modes of flexible working exist, including: job-sharing, working from home and telecommuting, part-time working, compressed hours, flexitime, annualised hours, staggered hours and phased retirement. In some countries there is a legal right to request flexible working arrangements and organisations are required to provide a “sound” reason for any denial of flexible working requests.

Support to returning parents Alongside entitlements of returning to a previous post (or equivalent) after a period of leave (maternity/paternity/parental), some organisations offer support to returning parents, such as: opportunities for flexible working (see above); provision of private spaces/time for lactation; shipping breastmilk when travelling on business; on-site childcare and/or financial support for childcare options. Some organisations also offer specific programmes including career coaching, expert advice and dedicated personnel to support back-to-work transitions.

Findings: Parental leave policies

GH5050 assessed the number of paid weeks of leave available to primary and secondary caregivers as well as options for parental and shared parental leave. It also reviewed whether the organisation offers support to parents returning to work, such as flexible transitions back to work, reduced or part-time working hours, facilities for breastfeeding mothers, and/or childcare support.

33% (67/201) of organisations publish detailed information regarding their parental leave policies online. A further 46 shared their internal policies directly with GH5050.

Transparency of parental leave policies has improved since 2019, when GH5050 first reviewed them, with 57% of organisations making policies available for review overall in 2021 versus 39% in 2019. It is noted that some organisations with multiple country offices refrain from publishing parental leave policies as they may not be standardised across the organisation.

Transparency uptick: 17 organisations made their parental leave policies newly publicly available since 2019

The 113 policies reviewed vary widely, in part as a response to the standards set by national and sub-national legislation in the countries where the organisations are located. Among the 113 policies reviewed, guaranteed paid leave for primary and secondary caregivers ranges from zero to 68 weeks. 

Organisations headquartered in Sweden, Norway and Japan were found to offer the longest leave benefits to both parents. While organisations in the US by and large offer the fewest number of paid weeks, they are almost uniformly offering the same benefits to both parents (gender neutral), with some additional paid leave for birth mothers covered by short-term disability insurance. 

1 Depending on the employer’s policy, birth mothers in the US can also access short term disability (STD) for partial wage coverage for 6-8 weeks. Most if not all of the organisations in our sample offer STD benefits. Policies do not always specify where STD is already included in the number of weeks of paid leave available to birth mothers.
2 Employed mothers have the right to transfer all maternity leave to the father, except for the two weeks of obligatory leave, i.e. up to 50 weeks. This period of leave is termed ‘Shared Parental leave’ (SPL).
3 In Germany, parental leave is available up to three years after childbirth for each parent, of which 24 months can be taken up until the child’s eighth birthday.
4 Parental leave in Canada is shared.
5 Parental leave in Japan is shared.
6 Parental leave in Sweden is shared.
7 Parental leave in Norway is shared.
* Paid at less than 100% wages; Pay dependent on length of service; Paid but level of pay not indicated in policy

Findings: Support to new parents

Ninety-six (96) organisations indicated in their policies, or informed GH5050, of the support they offered to new parents in returning to work. Alongside entitlements of returning to a previous post (or equivalent) after a period of leave, some organisations offer support to returning parents in the form of, for example, opportunities for flexible working, provision of private spaces/time for lactation, shipping breastmilk when travelling on business, on-site childcare and/or financial support for childcare options. Some organisations also offer specific programmes including career coaching, expert advice, and dedicated personnel and resources to support back-to-work transitions.

Abt Associates monitors and reports on the proportion of women and men staff who return to work following parental leave and who are still with the company 12 months later.

PATH “is committed to supporting employee family responsibilities by offering parental leave policies, additional leave options for new parents, flexible work and resources for parents through our employee assistance provider.”

Access findings on organisations’ policies

To access detailed findings on organisations’ parental leave policies, go to: https://globalhealth5050.org/2021-detailed-findings/

Findings: Flexible working arrangements

As has been made starkly visible in the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, major caring responsibilities (including attending to elderly or sick or disabled relatives) are not equally or equitably divided across society. The major burden of home-care and home-schooling responsibilities, for example, have fallen on women. For many, employee control over how many hours they work and when has become essential. Even apart from the impact of the pandemic, younger generations are entering the workforce with expectations of greater flexibility, autonomy and work/life balance than their predecessors.

As workplaces have evolved over the past two years, reference to flexible working as a benefit has grown quickly. This growth appears to be independent of the requirement for many employees to work remotely in 2020/2021 due to COVID-19 lockdowns.

53% of organisations (107/201) report, either on their website or directly to GH5050, flexible working arrangements are available to employees. This is compared to 30% in 2019.

This figure does not take into account the situation in countries where flexible working is governed by national law. In the UK, for example, all employees have the right to request flexible working. Our finding represents those organisations where GH5050 was able to find mention of flexible working on the organisation’s website or policy.

53% of organisations report having flexible working arrangements available to employees - compared to 30% in 2019.

Some organisations reported that while flexible arrangements were available to staff in some offices, particularly in the US and Europe, these were not in practice across all country offices, in part due to local laws and culture. However, others reported that, building on lessons learned during office closures and restrictions under COVID-19, organisations intended to maintain flexible working arrangements that had been put in place, including in countries where flexible working was not yet the norm.

Types of flexible working, as defined by the UK Government

https://www.gov.uk/flexible-working

Job sharing
Two people do one job and split the hours.

Working from home
It might be possible to do some or all of the work from home or anywhere else other than the normal place of work.

Part time
Working less than full-time hours (usually by working fewer days).

Compressed hours
Working full-time hours but over fewer days.

Flexitime
The employee chooses when to start and end work (within agreed limits) but works certain ‘core hours’, for example 10am to 4pm every day.

Annualised hours
The employee has to work a certain number of hours over the year but they have some flexibility about when they work. There are sometimes ‘core hours’ which the employee regularly works each week, and they work the rest of their hours flexibly or when there’s extra demand at work.

Staggered hours
The employee has different start, finish and break times from other workers.

Phased retirement
Default retirement age has been phased out and older workers can choose when they want to retire. This means they can reduce their hours and work part time.